Una ricerca dell'Università del Surrey conferma: gli arbusti assorbono i fattori inquinanti meglio degli alberi ad alto fusto. Con una resa estetica notevole per il paesaggio urbano. Oltre ad essere corridoi naturali utili per ripristinare l'habitat di ecosistemi extraurbani di MARCO ANGELILLO
08 giugno 2017
IN CITTA', meglio una siepe di un albero. No, non è una scelta estetica o un ritorno all'antica ars topiaria, strumento principe dei giardinieri e degli architetti del paesaggio del tempo che fu. La considerazione si basa su uno studio scientifico pubblicato sulla rivista inglese Atmospheric Environment e condotto da un'equipe dell'Università del Surrey, che ha dimostrato la capacità delle siepi di assorbire gli inquinanti atmosferici prodotti dal traffico dei veicoli in maniera più efficace rispetto a quanto riescano a fare i più nobili altofusti.
L'apparato fogliare degli arbusti parte dal suolo e si sviluppa su una superficie verticale che, a seconda delle specie, può raggiungere anche parecchi metri d'altezza. La forma, la disposizione delle foglie e la vicinanza alle fonti di produzione di gas e particolato, costituiscono la forza d'urto delle barriere verdi, spesso assenti, trascurate o poco sfruttate nelle nostre città, e garantiscono una significativa riduzione dell'esposizione diretta di pedoni e ciclisti alle polveri sottili e all'anidride carbonica.
Le siepi mangia-smog nel mondo
Il professor Prashant Kumar, responsabile dell'originale ricerca britannica, ha dichiarato alla Bbc che le amministrazioni locali dovrebbero cercare di piantare siepi tra i pedoni e le strade carrabili, se la larghezza dei marciapiedi è sufficientemente ampia. Lui e i suoi partner in Europa e negli Stati Uniti stanno ora cercando le migliori piante mangia smog e l'altezza ottimale per le siepi. Sul tema, l'Università del Surrey ha lanciato un nuovo centro di ricerca multidisciplinare: il Global center for clean air research (Gcare). Si tratta di una ricerca collaborativa e all'avanguardia con lo scopo di identificare un piano d'azione internazionale per garantire aria pulita per tutti.
Qualità dell'aria, clima e salute saranno al centro di workshop aperti al mondo scientifico europeo e non solo: il primo evento si è tenuto il 6 giugno scorso. Kumar ha aperto le danze di questo 'ballo' ambientale accogliendo i partner provenienti da Europa, Brasile, Australia, Usa e India. Ha ricordato che "questo problema è vitale perché la qualità dell'aria ha un effetto fondamentale sulla nostra salute e sull'ambiente che ci circonda. L'inquinamento atmosferico derivante dal trasporto, dall'industria e da altre fonti provoca la morte prematura di 40mila persone all'anno solo nel Regno Unito. In tutto il mondo, ogni anno, sette milioni di persone muoiono a causa dell'inquinamento atmosferico, indoor e outdoor”. Gcare fornirà una piattaforma collaborativa virtuale e fisica per condurre la ricerca, sostenendo progetti nazionali e internazionali a livello universitario sui i temi della vita urbana e degli obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile delle Nazioni Unite.
L'esperienza italiana. Non solo Gran Bretagna. Anche il nostro Paese si sta attivando sul fronte dell'inquinamento atmosferico e, guarda caso, cerca risposte sempre da arbusti e siepi. Il Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell’economia agraria, per esempio, già nel 2016 aveva selezionato otto arbusti mediterranei che assorbono bene metalli pesanti e particolato. Il progetto, finanziato dal ministero delle Politiche agricole, alimentari e forestali, ha valutato l'efficacia antismog di otto specie che popolano l'habitat mediterraneo: agrifoglio, viburno, corbezzolo, fotinia, alloro, eleagno, ligustro. I consigli sono analoghi a quelli britannici: la predisposizione delle barriere dovrà tener conto delle zone cittadine in cui si concentrano maggiormente traffico, impianti termici e combustioni di tipo industriale, per attenuare le esalazioni di sostanze nocive come polveri sottili e metalli pesanti.
Le siepi negli ambienti rurali. Anche fuori città le siepi sono elementi vegetali fondamentali per la vita del nostro pianeta. Ce lo ricorda, tra gli altri, l'Ente foreste della Sardegna che qualche anno fa ha attivato il "progetto siepe" per il ripristino delle fasce arbustive nel paesaggio agreste (come l'analoga azienda regionale del Veneto). Il documento relativo al progetto sardo è esplicito: "Negli ultimi anni la concezione del campo agricolo ha subito delle modifiche sostanziali verso una funzione unicamente produttiva, tralasciando quegli elementi del paesaggio agrario che contribuivano a mantenerlo in equilibrio. L'intensificarsi dell'agricoltura intensiva ha creato seri problemi all’ambiente ed è attualmente una delle principali cause di declino della biodiversità europea".
Le siepi, per recuperare l'equilibrio perduto, costituiscono un tassello fondamentale per l'ecosistema agrario, e non solo, "svolgendo diverse funzioni: estetica, micro-habitat per piante e animali, difesa del suolo dall'erosione, barriera frangivento. Limitano i rumori e le particelle inquinanti provenienti dalla strada". Sono veri e propri corridoi naturali. L’insieme composito delle specie vegetali che costituiscono e abitano le siepi offre rifugio e cibo agli animali selvatici e a numerose specie vegetali: gli uccelli sono attirati dalle bacche e dalla possibilità di nidificazione, la presenza di fiori selvatici in primavera è il richiamo per numerosi insetti impollinatori.
In un ambiente sempre più impoverito dei suoi elementi naturali è necessaria una politica che incentivi un'agricoltura di tipo estensivo e biologico, pena la perdita incessante di biodiversità, di acqua e di suolo e l'aumento dell'inquinamento atmosferico. Gli agricoltori, attraverso il ripristino delle siepi, un utilizzo corretto delle pratiche agricole e zootecniche, una riduzione e un uso sostenibile delle sostanze chimiche, possono contribuire positivamente alla salvaguardia dell'ambiente. Le riflessioni dei forestali sardi sono un monito universale al rispetto e alla salvaguardia della natura, l'unico ambiente che può sostenere la vita di tutti, in attesa di nuovi mondi da colonizzare. Ma questa è un'altra (fanta)scienza.
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